Refer to the supplemental readings for more comprehensive information. problems of the digestive system (.

But the risk of disease can be greatly lessened when the appropriate treatment is selected. Currently, there are over 100 breeds of rabbits, which vary in size, ear and body conformation, and coat type, recognized by the House Rabbit Breeders Society. Cuterebrid larvae burrow into subcutaneous tissue and cause one or more firm, fistulated, subcutaneous swellings surrounded by necrotic tissue. Injectable tranquilizers are suitable for short diagnostic or surgical procedures. Satin breeds have a genetic mutation that results in a shiny haircoat. Breeding seasons are influenced by day length and temperature, though mating can occur year-round when environmental conditions are controlled. An infection of the eye is known as ophthalmomyiasis. 0000026612 00000 n Blood and mucous may also be associated with the diarrhea. Choose the antibiotic based on those results. 0000007482 00000 n Critical patients require IV catheterization. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Administer antibiotics for septic mastitis. Listrophorus gibbus is a less common fur mite and is considered nonpathogenic. Rabbits are usually pruritic. Apply eye lubricants several times daily if the blink reflex is diminished. Determine the fiber content of the normal feed and the amount of supplemental roughage. John E. Careers. (penicillin G procaine and penicillin G An enlarged stomach may be visible on plain radiographs. Check the feet and hocks periodically for signs of inflammation. With a joint luxation, anesthesia is needed to manipulate the joint into normal position. The dental formula is 2/1 incisors, 0/0 canines, 3/2 premolars, and 2-3/3 molars. Administer ketamine (5-10 mg/kg IM) and medetomidine (0.15-0.35 mg/kg IM) in combination. Rabbits sometimes self-mutilate this area; use a collar to prevent further trauma. Intestinal coccidiosis is primarily a disease of young rabbits. 4 0 obj <> endobj xref If outdoor housing is used, provide ventilation or protection from direct sunlight. Mites primarily inhabit the dorsal trunk and scapular region. Eventually, enteritis develops and ultimately the production of toxins from Clostridium, specifically Clostridium spiroforme (iota toxins) leads to enterotoxemia. Calcium oxalate crystals are commonly present, though ammonium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and monohydrate crystals are also often seen. Bacterial infection of the inner ear, middle ear, or meninges is the most common cause of torticollis in pet rabbits. 2000.Virginia Richardson, Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Disease, Blackwell Fur-barbering is characterized by alopecia of the dewlap, back of the neck, and paws. giving the treatment at home. Antibiotic therapy should be based on culture and sensitivity testing. Culture and sensitivity testing of the discharge is negative for bacterial growth. Rabbits with parasitic migration may remain unchanged or improve gradually. The subcutaneous route of antibiotic administration is the most frequently utilized parenteral route of administration in ferrets and rabbits. Vascular lesions, infection with herpesvirus, cerebral nematodiasis, hypovitaminosis A, and toxicoses (e.g., lead poisoning) are less common causes of head tilt and uncoordination. Thick, creamy to sandy, white urine indicates the presence of excess calcium in the urine. Primaparous does usually have smaller litters. Cephalic veins can be used to collect small volumes of blood. Instruct owners to decrease the dietary calcium levels in rabbits with hypercalciuria. Mange mites produce a crusty dermatitis with alopecia. rabbit syphilis (Treponematosis), 80.000 IU/kg, Rabbits are usually pruritic. Perform complete surgical excision of any abscessed skin. Lesions initially consist of erythematous vesicles that progress to papules, ulcerations, scaliness, and dry crusty lesions. Rabbits can be housed indoors or outdoors at temperatures ranging from 40F to 80F. An enlarged uterus may be visible on abdominal radiographs. Severity of the diarrhea is variable and is affected by other contributing microorganisms. If rabbits are restrained poorly with inadequate control of the rear legs, animals may kick suddenly, resulting in fracture of their spinal vertebrae. Pasteurellosis is the most common cause of pneumonia in rabbits, though other bacteria such as. Decreased reproductive performance such as small litter size, stillbirths, dystocia, litter desertion, and infertility are seen in breeding does. Check other animals in the household for evidence of dermatophytosis. Hormonal influences in breeding season may contribute to aggression and fur-barbering. Some owners try long-term supportive care to see whether neurologic function returns. Ears vary in size and shape between the different breeds, and most rabbits have upright ears. In rare cases, penicillin Overweight rabbits should undergo weight reduction to decrease the risk of developing sore hocks. Before culture results are known, obtain a gram stain of the infected area to potentially identify the organism. Use a tongue depressor or the speculum to isolate the arcade and prevent damage to the tongue or buccal mucosa. Rabbits are distinguished from rodents by possessing an extra set of upper incisors, which are also known as peg teeth.. 0000018008 00000 n Maggots usually burrow through large, moist necrotic areas at the base of tail and dorsum, as these are difficult areas to groom for overweight rabbits. Diarrhea is associated with antibiotics that are active against gram-positive aerobes and selective gramnegative anaerobes. Examine skin scrapings of scaly areas for evidence of adult mites or eggs. Give injections of benzathine penicillin G (a long-acting penicillin) at 42,000 to 84,000 IU/kg IM at weekly intervals for 2 to 3 weeks. Infections with Microsporum spp. Sudden temperature changes, changes in food, overcrowding, or poor sanitation contribute to disease. Maintain the limb in a normal position and incorporate both the joints above and below the fracture into the splint. Kathy Laber-Laird, Paul Flecknell and One or both eyes may be affected. Pseudocyesis may last 17 days. A coronavirus has been described as a cause of diarrhea and subsequent death in 3- to 10-week-old rabbits. Cystic calculi occur in both male and female rabbits. Obesity, perineal dermatitis, and urine scald predispose rabbits to maggot infestation. Colonies are kept Pasteurella-free through serologic testing and strict isolation and sanitation procedures. It may not be apparent if the site of infection is primary or secondary. continuing research of medical care and health of rabbits. It is always preferred to use an antibiotic that has the least likelihood of inciting gastrointestinal disease. indicate that amoxillin is the only effective Lesions produced by cheyletid mites consist of a scaly dermatitis with a flaky, grayish-white exudate.

Rabbits with malocclusion often have no other clinical signs. The best antibiotic to use is based not only on the spectrum of activity of the antibiotic but also on the safety of that antibiotic in rabbits. An important difference to consider is that there are fewer safe antibiotics to use in rabbits than there are in dogs and cats. Correct the diet in animals on marginal or deficient dietary fiber levels. Preventive serologic screening is not necessary. Adult animals can become ill if exposed to a species against which they have no immunity. Paul Flecknell, BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Coccidiostats may slow multiplication until host immunity develops. Pluck or wet down the fur from the site for better visibility of the vein. The technique that follows is similar to that for placing a tube in a cat. Use 14-gauge wire with the mesh openings no greater than 1 2.5 cm to prevent the rabbit from getting its feet caught. Penicillin G procaine for bacterial infections, e.g. will also be available for a limited time. Topical astringents such as Domeboro solution (Bayer, Inc., West Haven, CT) are beneficial in treating moist wounds. The highly pathogenic Eimeria stieda infects the liver. The underlying skin is normal. A fairly large volume of blood can be collected from this vein, especially in medium and large-sized rabbits. The intravenous or intraosseous routes are reserved primarily for the most severe cases of bacterial disease. Nonseptic, cystic mastitis is seen in both breeding and non-breeding females older than 4 years of age. Carefully examine both ear canals for evidence of infection. Routinely brush long-haired rabbits or heavy shedders. Instruct owners to feed their rabbits proper diets with an adequate content of indigestible fiber, such as timothy hay. The organisms can be demonstrated with either periodic acid schiff (PAS) or silver stains in histologic sections of skin biopsy specimens. Excessive ptyalism may be an early symptom. Amputating the affected limb may be the most effective therapy for abscesses involving the joint and surrounding bone. Plucking the hair over the vein is easier than shaving fine fur.

Treatment of dermatophytosis is directed toward elimination of the organism while preventing spread of disease. Attempts to stabilize the fracture surgically are usually not practical because of the poor prognosis and degree of nursing care necessary. Reference ranges for hematologic values, serum biochemical values, and urinalysis are listed in Table 176-2, Table 176-3, Table 176-4 The underlying epithelial surface is raw, inflamed, and hemorrhagic. This antibiotic group is safe, can be given orally, and is effective against Pasteurella and other serious gram negative infections. The rear leg muscles of rabbits are well developed for strong kicking and thumping. Although rare, rabbits with acute pyloric obstruction must be treated surgically. Mites have biting mouthparts and cause inflammation by biting and chewing the epithelial surface of the skin. Rabbits with clinical signs secondary to encephalitozoonosis are usually unresponsive to treatment or they deteriorate clinically. Multifocal infection of the spinal cord secondary to pasteurellosis, parasite migration, or vascular thrombosis within the cord can cause neurologic deficits. Long-haired breeds may consume large amounts of hair while grooming during shedding. Clean the wound with an antibacterial soak, topical antibiotics, and bandaging, daily or every other day. Also, drugs that are used for pulse therapy have their best effect at a high dose for a limited time. Skull radiographs may aid in diagnosis. High dosage treatment (20 mg/kg) over a Remove cuterebrid larvae intact with hemostats if possible. E. coli and Pseudomonas, Pasteurella, and Klebsiella spp. The presence of organisms on histologic examination is required for definitive diagnosis. IM administration only for professionals Dentistry may be needed as often as every month or only once yearly. Screen rabbits for shedding of coccidial oocysts. Results are sometimes falsely negative. The roots often become infected, resulting in mandibular, maxillary, or retrobulbar abscesses (see Mandibular and Joint Abscesses).

Anti-inflammatory and pain medication such as Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA) or Meloxican (Metacam, Boehringer, Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, MO) are often effective in making the patient more comfortable. Although some rabbits can be asymptomatic, rabbits may appear to be in pain, reluctant to move, or lame. Force-feed anorectic animals with Critical Care for Herbivores (Oxbow Pet Products) or softened rabbit pellets mixed with vegetable baby food or canned pumpkin. treponematosis. An enlarged, thickened uterus or multiple rounded caudal abdominal masses may be palpable on physical examination. Treat rabbits with simple bacterial cystitis with antibiotics. Dietary history is very important. 0000039986 00000 n Oral administration of antibiotics is effective in rabbits with mild-to-moderate diarrhea. Medical management is successful in most rabbits. The Abcesses of the mammary gland can develop independent of lactation status. With the joint reduced and the limb in extension, apply a splint to allow the surrounding soft tissue to develop fibrosis and keep the luxation reduced. Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. and other dermatophytes occur much less frequently. Give barium at a standard small-animal dose of 10 to 14 ml/kg orally into the cheek pouch. 0000018232 00000 n Use an indwelling catheter in critical cases. White, creamy, caseous debris can often be massaged out of the ear canal. Microscopic examination of crusts and exudate usually reveals mites and eggs. With manual restraint, place two to three drops of a topical anesthetic (Ophthaine, Solvay Animal Health, Inc., Princeton, NJ) in the mucosa of one nostril. It is not a zoonotic disease. Submit tissue samples for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. 0000002519 00000 n Antibiotics with good skin activity such as trimethoprim-sulfa (30 mg/kg PO bid) are recommended for treating secondary bacterial infections. Thoracic radiographs help determine the extent of disease and may reveal lung lobe consolidation, air bronchograms, or well-delineated soft-tissue opacities if pulmonary abscesses are present. Harcourt-Brown, Rabbit Medicine and Surgery. If exudate is visible in the ear canal, clean and flush the ear thoroughly. The virus denudes the intestinal villi; diagnosis is made by identifying the virus in feces or cecal contents. Therapy with coccidiostats is more prophylactic than therapeutic. Because most rabbits are fastidious and prefer to defecate and urinate in one spot, they often can be trained to use a litterbox. Pain medication such as buprenorphine is indicated if the rabbit appears to be in pain. The amount of antibiotic needed at the infected site is difficult to determine in rabbits because of the caseous pus they form and the walled off abscesses that are impenetrable to many antibiotics. The organism can infect lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, brain, and eye. Alternatively, a metal speculum made for rabbit dentistry can be used to hold the mouth open; however, this tool can damage the oral mucosa if used inappropriately. H. Schall, Use these drugs at 30 mg/kg q12hrs PO. Rabbits fed a large amount of leafy greens will have lower water intake. Rotavirus may be present as normal flora, but may act as a mild pathogen by destroying cells that produce disaccharidases and by contributing to carbohydrate overload. indicate that. Perform ovariohysterectomy in females with a suspected hormonal basis for fur-barbering. If bacterial Harkness and Joseph E. Wagner, The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Septic mastitis is most common in lactating does. - formation of Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Hand-feeding may be required. Treat dermatophytosis with antifungal agents, administered topically or orally depending on the extent of lesions. External coaptation can also be effective for closed, simple, long-bone fractures. Providing adequate dietary roughage and making sure that the rabbit is hydrated are extremely important for successful treatment of rabbits with trichobezoars. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, distribution of lesions, and response to therapy. Injectable penicillin is safer to use and is recommended at 40-80,000 u/kg IM. Diagnosis is based on a history of outdoor housing, clinical signs, and presence of larvae in wounds. Also, these antibiotics poorly penetrate abscessed areas and may be a poor choice for many rabbit infections. Support the hindquarters when carrying or lifting a rabbit to prevent spinal injuries. Correct the diet to include adequate roughage if fur-barbering is suspected. 7. Encourage rabbits to exercise. Other rabbits become depressed, anorexic, and lethargic. Supportive therapy includes supplemental fluids, vitamins, and force-feeding of anorectic animals. and veterinarians. The incidence of abortions, metritis, and infertility may increase in breeding females. Pasteurellosis is an endemic disease in rabbits, and control is difficult. Karen L Rosenthal Administer fenbendazole (20 mg/kg q24h for 28 days), oxibendazole (30 mg/kg PO q24h for 7-14 days, then reduced to 15 mg/kg q24h for 30-60 days), or albendazole (30 mg/kg PO q24h for 30 days, then 15 mg/kg PO q24h for 30 days or 10-15 mg/kg PO q24h for 3 months). The incidence of anaerobic infections in ferrets and rabbits is unknown. Have the owners flush open wounds with sterile saline once or twice daily. However, a rabbit that has been anorectic for several days should have an empty stomach. funded solely by the generosity of donors. Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common tumor in domestic rabbits. Urinary calculi and sludge can be seen on ultrasonographic examination of the bladder. Small-gauge catheters (i.e., 24-gauge) can be placed in the cephalic or lateral saphenous vein in most rabbits.

0000032289 00000 n Severely comminuted or open fractures may be best managed with limb amputation. No known treatments are available. Deep skin scrapings are necessary to find mange mites. Rabbits exhibit cecotrophy, which means they consume soft cecotrophs, also known as night feces. Antiperistaltic contractions in the colon retrograde non-fiber particles and fluid back into the cecum for fermentation and the formation of cecotrophs, which are an important source of B-vitamins, electrolytes, and nitrogen. Ulcerative pododermatitis (sore hocks) usually develops as a result of management-related problems. problems of the digestive system (dysbiosis), Give intravenous or subcutaneous fluids and nutritional supplementation with high fiber foods. This should be done cautiously if the topical antibiotic ingredient could cause dysbiosis if ingested by the patient. Ideally, before instituting antibiotics, obtain a culture and a minimum database. Pruritis is common with sarcoptic mite infestations. 0000014444 00000 n Giant breeds, which average more than 5 kg in body weight, include the American Checkered Giant, the Flemish Giant, and the Giant Chinchilla rabbits. xvLQH%o Antibiotics are given by syringe or in the food. Most remain alert and active. after subcutaneous injection of antibiotics like penicillin or enrofloxacin (Baytril) is possible. Severely affected glands may require surgical excision. Lesions begin in the concha and eventually extend to the inner surface of the pinna. In rabbits, it is common to attribute all infections to Pasteurella multocida but numerous species of bacteria are cultured routinely from rabbits. Separate or cull carriers from colonies. Rabbits often are anorectic when a primary GI disease is involved. Is this because the rabbit recently developed upper respiratory bacterial disease or because a chronic pasteurellosis infection is only now becoming apparent? Rabbits adapt well to amputation of either a fore or rear limb. Respiratory disease is common in pet rabbits and can result from many interrelated factors. Spores can be seen in the tissue and lesions in the brain usually consist of multifocal areas of necrosis and granulomas with perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing. The site is secure. Small-tipped culturette swabs are convenient for sample collection (e.g., BBL CultureSwab, Becton, Dickinson & Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ). Obtain radiographs to check for and evaluate the extent of any bone involvement. Rabbits can become infested with cuterbrid larvae or maggots of the flesh fly. Severe diarrhea, intussusception, and death may occur with heavy infections. Suspect a trichobezoar in an anorectic but otherwise alert rabbit with a history of inadequate dietary fiber and excessive shedding. rabbits, to treat infections due to bacteria, whose sensitivity tests Rabbits with malocclusion should not be bred. Warm compresses 2 to 3 times daily may be helpful. No adverse reaction has been noted with Repeated flushes of the nasolacrimal duct daily for 2 to 3 days or every 3 days for four or five treatments is most effective. Clostridium spiroforme, a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rod, is one of the primary pathogens in bacterial enteritis in rabbits. If wounds appear infected, submit samples for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. Learn more Prevention involves isolation of healthy animals from rabbits with clinical signs of disease. Systemic signs of septic mastitis include pyrexia, depression, anorexia, death of neonates, or death of the doe. If conjunctivitis is present, cannulate and flush the nasolacrimal duct of the affected eye or eyes with sterile water or saline. The deciduous teeth are shed right around the time of birth and the permanent teeth complete eruption around 3 to 5 weeks of age. An especially nervous or aggressive rabbit may need to be wrapped securely in a towel to prevent injury to itself and to the handler. The abnormal flora changes the pH which increases volatile fatty acid production, thereby further suppressing the growth of normal bacteria. Rabbits have a higher water intake than many other mammals. Euthanasia often is selected in debilitated rabbits if no clinical improvement is seen after several days of therapy. And not all small mammals die from antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal disease. These are some of the more common drugs used with ferrets and rabbits. Cheyletid mites can exist off the host for short periods. Boredom also may be a factor in fur-barbering. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is the causative agent of rabbit syphilis. 6. Hematuria occurs commonly with cystitis. Rabbits can range in size weighing from 2.5 lb in the dwarf breeds up to 28 lb in the giant breeds. Soft-tissue abscesses can also occur in the oral cavity or joints secondary to a penetrating wound from a foreign body. Penicillin G The area involved depends on the type of mite (see Ear Mites; Fur and Mange Mites). Toxins produced by these bacteria are primary factors in enterotoxemia. Obtain abdominal radiographs of rabbits with urine scald for evidence of cystic calculi. Medicine and Surgery. Diarrhea may vary from soft, pasty stool to a profuse, malodorous liquid. Reference ranges for physiologic values are listed in Table 176-1. Monitor all rabbits closely during any anesthetic episode. Long-term therapy may be necessary with chronic disease. Anesthesia usually is maintained at 0.25% to 2% isoflurane in oxygen. Lesions usually appear on the head and ears and can extend to the neck, legs, feet, and nail beds. An important consequence of the lack studies to gain approval is that there are few pharmacokinetic investigations of antibiotics in ferrets and rabbits. T. paraluiscuniculi is a spiral-shaped bacterium transmitted by direct and venereal contact between breeding rabbits or from doe to offspring. Obtain a radiograph of the leg after repair to assess bone alignment and placement of pins (if used).

Infection also may be spread by aerosol (sneezing) or fomites. No cross protection in immunity exists between different Eimeria species. These tests are used for screening in rabbit-breeding colonies. Finally, after considering the first six criteria, determine if the chosen antibiotic is safe for rabbits. Cull animals that test positive. Minimizing stress, feeding the rabbit a proper diet, and using good husbandry practices are important in preventing the spread of pasteurellosis. Some owners administer a petrolatum-based cat laxative to their rabbits every 1 to 2 months. 0000001341 00000 n Make sure no sharp surfaces or wire edges are present that can traumatize the teats. Penicillin G Use a tongue depressor or speculum to push the tongue to one side while clipping the medial edges of the lower cheek teeth. Science Inc. 2000. Corticosteroids may or may not be helpful in decreasing inflammation of the larynx and tracheal mucosa. Long-term antibiotic therapy is necessary. Psoroptic mites are transmitted easily between rabbits. Serologic tests are available to detect the presence of antibodies against. Infections can be transmitted from the doe to offspring or by direct contact with infected rabbits. %PDF-1.4 % Although, this does not change the fact that antibiotics are important medications for ferrets and rabbits, it is best that owners be informed of this information. Mucus and blood may also be present. However, moderate to severe gas distention of the stomach, cecum, or intestines suggests GI stasis. Some of the safer drugs include trimethoprin sulfas, Quinolones, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole. Flush the soft tissue with copious amounts of sterile saline. This can be avoided by diluting the solution The lateral saphenous vein is the preferred site for obtaining blood samples for routine blood tests.

0000045001 00000 n The principles of antibiotic use in dogs and cats apply similarly to ferrets and rabbits. Cytologic examination of the urine for red blood cells will help distinguish porphyrinuria from hematuria.

Some selected bacterial species known to infect rabbits include pathogenic species of staphylococcus and streptococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Actinomycoses, and Actinobacillus. However, they should always be supervised, as they may chew on dangerous objects such as electrical cords and poisonous plants. Malocclusion is one of the most common causes of anorexia in rabbits. The assistant holds the gauze around the lower molars in one hand, while the second hand is placed on top of the rabbit's head and holds the gauze looped around the top incisors, forcing the head and neck into extension. Sedation and pain medication are usually indicated before clipping soiled fur and removing larvae from the wounds. If laryngeal trauma occurs during intubation attempts, abandon the procedure and use a face mask, or postpone the procedure to another day. A variety of vegetables and fresh, leafy greens such as dandelion greens, cilantro, parsley, and romaine lettuce should be offered as a salad one to two times daily. Routinely examine lactating does for evidence of inflammation or teat injuries. the abbreviations, click here. Use this drug at a dose of 20 mg/kg q12-24hrs PO. Drug administration can be challenging in these small animals and stressful to the patient. Clinical signs are usually inapparent during the early hyperplastic stages. Soiled or wet bedding, abrasions from flooring, sedentary behavior caused by obesity, small cages that restrict movement, and abrasions from thumping are predisposing factors.

5. Infection results from the ingestion of sporulated oocysts. Subcutaneous administration of fluids is acceptable in non-critical cases and may be the only practical route of fluid administration in small rabbits. Elongated roots of the mandibular teeth can be palpated as firm bony nodules on the ventral mandible. The tip of the tube is located in the distal esophagus. Bacteria colonize the soft palate and nasal turbinates and may produce a lifelong infection. Affected rabbits may refuse to eat if mandibular abscesses are accompanied by dental disease. Acute pyloric obstruction causes severe depression, lethargy, bloating, dehydration, hypothermia, and shock. 0000000016 00000 n Decrease dietary calcium after surgery to help prevent recurrence. Infection spreads until all glands are affected. Foggers containing enilconazole or formaldehyde can be used for carpeted areas. 0000018121 00000 n Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. Stress is a major factor in diarrhea. The swellings are large, firm, and warm to the touch. Treponematosis (rabbit syphilis), caused by Treponema paraluiscuniculi causes a scaly dermatitis in the genital area. Wait 5 minutes, and then repeat application. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed to detect antibodies to. Results of a CBC may reveal an inflammatory response. Dermatophytosis is associated with alopecia and a scaly dermatitis, particularly around the head and ears (see Superficial Mycosis). &*UcJQ-En4MBz'#=T?OJ})iS-\-i(z:DvNx)@5Z)h82; #Q'0\VZr4$.S.M0r-[(xWT=2d This technique can be difficult in females with large dewlaps and should not be done for patients in respiratory distress. Trimethoprin sulfa drugs are commonly used in ferrets and rabbits and appear to be safe. fish metronidazole zole stockpile unlimited anti supplies Antibiotics that are highly likely to cause gastrointestinal dysbiosis include amoxicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and lincomycin. Auscultation of the nares and trachea often reveal rattles and rales. Skin irritation or formation of sterile abscesses An Elizabethan collar may be necessary to prevent the rabbit from dislodging the tube. Metronidazole is used for anaerobic infections. 0000040696 00000 n 0000014043 00000 n Veterinarians do not have studies directing them to either dose or length of treatment or frequency of administration of antibiotics in ferrets and rabbits. trailer <<7334AAE690A54F4F896610E10A040B3A>]/Prev 196812>> startxref 0 %%EOF 44 0 obj <>stream

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