Scanning electron microscopy analyses presented in this work were conducted at the Microscopy and Imaging Center (SEM Core) of the University of Mississippi. (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.024, Zhang, J., Liu, J., and Liu, R. (2015). Comparing corn stover and switchgrass biochar: characterization and sorption properties. beston carbonization msw biomass pyrolysis biochar (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.165, Amini, E., Safdari, M.-S., Deyoung, J. T., Weise, D. R., and Fletcher, T. H. (2019). Ind. A., and Redwine, C. W. (2014). 7, 269276. This is consistent with Raman and textural analysis that showed substantial increment in intensity ratio and surface area values, respectively, upon increasing the temperature from 500 to 600C. Chem. doi: 10.1007/s10973015-47408, Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhaas, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., et al. Sci.

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physico-chemical properties of corn stover (Zea mays L.) biochar and feasibility for carbon capture and energy balance. However, increasing the pyrolysis temperature beyond 700, (up to 800C) resulted in decreased surface area and pore volume. Eng. pyrolysis biochar machine biomass furnace carbonizing sawdust plant profit ways This indicates the stability of the aminated samples. (2014). Energy 37, 10581067. Chem. Chem. As observed, maximum surface area values for both the microporosity (R-SG-700 with surface area 325 m2/g) and micro-mesoporosity (R-SG-800 with surface area 351 m2/g) are observed for herbaceous residues, whereas the minimum values for the microporosity (R-SB-500 with surface area 83 m2/g) and micro-mesoporosity (R-SB-500 with surface area 138 m2/g) are observed for agro-industrial based chars. Although the pyrolysis temperature showed a slight effect on adsorption capacity of the raw biochars, it demonstrated a significant interaction with the acoustic-based amination process and the subsequent adsorption capacity of activated biochars. doi: 10.15376/biores.9.4.76227635, Bamdad, H., Hawboldt, K., and Macquarrie, S. (2018). pyrolysis biomass biochar Prediction of Rapid Biomass Devolatilization Yields With an Upgraded Version of the Bio-CPD Model. Additionally, surface area and pore volumes were also enhanced at elevated temperatures up to 700C. In addition to that the strong C-N peak for the TEPA activated samples (as observed from FTIR plots, Figures 5AD) for the temperature range of 600700C also matches the adsorption capacity results. Environ. Front. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Technol. Oxygen (O) content was calculated by difference (100%%C+%H+%N+%S+%ash). FTIR spectra of the raw and aminated biochars derived under different temperatures are depicted in Figures 5AD. Effect of pH on surface characteristics of switchgrass-derived biochars produced by fast pyrolysis. Clean. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.186, Kumar, U., Maroufi, S., Rajarao, R., Mayyas, M., Mansuri, I., Joshi, R. K., et al. Bioresour. biochar sequestration potential carbon ability agronomic benefits The figures also indicated that the volume adsorbed is higher for biochar samples synthesized at high temperature. Chem. 8 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00085/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). SEM images of (A) R-CS 700 and (B) US- CS 700. Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.004, Nwajiaku, I. M., Olanrewaju, J. S., Sato, K., Tokunari, T., Kitano, S., and Masunaga, T. (2018). *Correspondence: Baharak Sajjadi, bsajjadi@olemiss.edu, Biochar Modification Technologies for Sustainable Water, Energy and Food Nexus, View all FTIR spectra of raw and activated samples (A) miscanthus, (B) switchgrass, (C) corn stover, and (D) sugarcane bagasse synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures. MS, Miscatanthus; SG, Switchgrass; CS, Corn stover; SB, Sugarcane bagasse; R, Raw; US, Ultrasound Activated. Characterization of biochar from switchgrass carbonization. SEM micrographs of raw SG samples (Figure 2A) exhibit rough surface with long ridges, resembling a series of parallel lines. Technol. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). 47, 74197423. Prediction of sawdust pyrolysis yields from a flat-flame burner using the CPD model. doi: 10.1021/ie8006984, Lee, Y., Park, J., Ryu, C., Gang, K. S., Yang, W., Park, Y.-K., et al. Among different sono-aminated samples, herbaceous biochars (MS and SG) showed greater adsorption capacity than agro-based chars (CS and SB). Similar to the surface areas, the pore volumes also exhibit a trend where maximum and minimum pore volumes can be obtained for US-MS 700 and US-SB 500 with the values of 0.21 and 0.11 cc/g, respectively. J.

Biomass Bioenergy 105, 136146. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.07.016, Chatterjee, R., Sajjadi, B., Chen, W.-Y., Mattern, D. L., Egiebor, N. O., Hammer, N., et al. Photochemical and acoustic interactions of biochar with CO2 and H2O: applications in power generation and CO2 capture. All raw biochars exhibited a gradual increase in adsorption capacity in the range of 6788% while increasing the temperature from 500 to 600C. Rapid prediction of wood crystallinity in Pinus elliotii plantation wood by near-infrared spectroscopy. Pyrolysis 110, 277284. Figure 1.

MS, Miscatanthus; SG, Switchgrass; CS, Corn stover; SB, Sugarcane bagasse; R, Raw; A, Ultrasound Amine Activated. CO2 adsorption capacities of both raw and sono-chemically activated biochar samples synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures. Fuel 235, 11311145. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156894, Sadaka, S., Sharara, M., Ashworth, A., Keyser, P., Allen, F., and Wright, A. SG and CS showed similar behavior in terms of intensity ratio, but exhibited slightly lower values than MS. The ID/IG ratio for this category falls in the following range- 0.650.88 for MS, 0.700.88 for SG, 0.580.83 for CS and 0.591.01 for SB. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.145, Chen, W. Y., Mattern, D. L., Okinedo, E., Senter, J. C., Mattei, A. (2006). Characteristics of maize biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures and its effects on organic carbon, nitrogen and enzymatic activities after addition to fluvo-aquic soil. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.081, Tag, A. T., Duman, G., Ucar, S., and Yanik, J.

Bioresource Technology 101, 88688872. Figure 7. Low frequency ultrasound enhanced dual amination of biochar: a nitrogen-enriched sorbent for CO2 capture. Table 2. doi: 10.1016/j.petlm.2016.11.001, Verma, Y. L., Singh, M. P., and Singh, R. K. (2012). pyrolysis biomass biochar biofuels thermochemical conversion via double through diy energy oil wood Properties of biochar derived from wood and high-nutrient biomasses with the aim of agronomic and environmental benefits. Decomposition and carbonisation of wood biopolymersa microstructural study of softwood pyrolysis. Wood Sci. J. Environ. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.056, Rafiq, M. K., Bachmann, R. T., Rafiq, M. T., Shang, Z., Joseph, S., and Long, R. (2016). (2019b). J. Recycl. Figure 4. Influence of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on the production of bio-oil and char from safflower seed by pyrolysis, using a well-swept fixed-bed reactor. Figures 6AD show the Raman spectra of all raw and activated biochar samples synthesized under different temperature ranges- 500, 600, 700, and 800C. The enhancement of surface area and pore volumes was caused by the degradation of the organic materials (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) and the formation of vascular bundles or channel structures during pyrolysis (Kim W. K. et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013). This furthermore proves that the lower temperature derived biochars were less thermally stable than the higher temperature derived ones, probably because they were not fully carbonized (Sun et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2017). (2017). 158, 218224.

Bioresour. Identification of preferentially exposed crystal facets by X-ray diffraction.

The effectiveness of the prepared sorbents was assessed based on characterizations and CO2 adsorption results. Energies 10:288. doi: 10.3390/en10030288. Hence, the isotherms further provide a confirmation of the porous nature of the adsorbent materials. J. Therm. Rev. Chem. biochar commercialization prospects energy farm production laird flowchart iowa david university state The surface area of the samples can be further justified based on the adsorption isotherm plots as observed in the Figures S2, S3. As per our previous studies, amination usually caused a reduction in ash content. Beyond this, the main mass losses started at around 310320C for R-MS-500 and 350390C for R-MS-600 and R-MS-700, respectively and followed the trend as observed in the literature (Zhao et al., 2017). (2013). biochar pyrolysis carbon cycle soil greenhouse friendly eco climate gases plants replanting biomass miracle gimmick sequestering cornell energy ancient change Biomass-based pyrolytic polygeneration system on cotton stalk pyrolysis: influence of temperature. The peak at 1,600 cm1 is ascribed to carboxylate (COO-) and 1 amine N-H bending, (Liu et al., 2015) and aromatic C=C stretch is ~1,400 cm1 (Zhao et al., 2017). A. where the authors explained this increasing trend of the disorder as the evolvement of gas species including CH4, CO2, CO, and H2O forming throughout pyrolysis (Brewer, 2012; Vyas et al., 2017). Although %N content was maximum at 500C, maximum %C content was achieved at 700C. Green preparation of magnetic biochar for the effective accumulation of Pb(II): performance and mechanism.

Accordingly, the microsurface area and pore volumes for MS and SG ranged between 115325 m2/g and 0.060.16 cc/g over the temperature of 500800C. The decomposition of lignin and the quick release of H2 and CH4 contribute to a sharp increase of the surface area and pore volumes from 500 to 600C. Pyrolysis 93, 170177. biochar pyrolysis accomplish Water 10:182. doi: 10.3390/w10020182, Hamdaoui, O., Naffrechoux, E., Tifouti, L., and Ptrier, C. (2003). As observed from the figures biochars began to increase aromatic deformation at higher pyrolysis temperature particularly at 800C. Surface properties and chemical composition of corncob and miscanthus biochars: effects of production temperature and method.

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