2005) and these find greater positive environmental benefits for mechanical recycling over landfill and incineration with energy recovery. This has encouraged local authorities to organize collection of recyclables, encouraged some manufacturers to develop products with recycled content, and other businesses to supply this public demand. This is evident in an industrial scale with re-use of containers and pallets in haulage (see Thompson et al.

A case study of Kathmandu. Biodegradable plastics can also be composted, and this is a further example of tertiary recycling, and is also described as organic or biological recycling (see Song et al. These systems generally use Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy for polymer type analysis and also use optical colour recognition camera systems to sort the streams into clear and coloured fractions. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 2000), which also found that most of the net energy and emission benefits arise from the substitution of virgin polymer production. Reducing the amount of packaging used per item will reduce waste volumes. The higher eco-efficiency for bottle recycling is because of both the more efficient process for recycling bottles as opposed to mixed plastics and the particularly high emissions profile of virgin PET production. inducers lipolytic It is possible to include biodegradable plastics in aerobic composting, or by anaerobic digestion with methane capture for energy use. Accessibility Hence, wider implementation of policies to promote the use of environmental design principles by industry could have a large impact on recycling performance, increasing the proportion of packaging that can economically be collected and diverted from landfill (see Shaxson et al. In the UK, total use of plastics in both domestic and commercial packaging is about 40 kg per person per year, hence it forms approximately 78% by weight, but a larger proportion by volume of the MSW stream (Waste Watch 2003). 2009). An official website of the United States government. will also be available for a limited time. Product design for recycling has strong potential to assist in such recycling efforts. 13 0 obj Use of different media can allow separation of PS from PET, but PVC cannot be removed from PET in this manner as their density ranges overlap. Before a CO2-e is GWP calculated as 100-yr equivalent to CO2 emissions. Historically, the primary methods of waste disposal have been by landfill or incineration. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>>

globally (Andrady 2003). 2 0 obj Volumes of plastic waste disposed to landfill, and recovered by various methods in Western Europe, 19932003 (APME 2004). 2009; Ryan et al. Incineration can be used with recovery of some of the energy content in the plastic. For this reason, it is important to develop effective on-the-go and office recycling collection schemes if overall collection rates for plastic packaging are to increase.

Approaches to increasing the recycling of films and flexible packaging could include separate collection, or investment in extra sorting and processing facilities at recovery facilities for handling mixed plastic wastes. Most local authorities or material recovery facilities do not actively collect post-consumer flexible packaging as there are current deficiencies in the equipment that can easily separate flexibles.

These two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable. This has led to current recycling schemes for post-consumer waste that concentrate on the most easily separated packages, such as PET soft-drink and water bottles and HDPE milk bottles, which can be positively identified and sorted out of a co-mingled waste stream. icon line modern vector sorting waste nadiinko This is not surprising as it is effectively reversing the energy-intensive polymerization previously carried out during plastic manufacture. Economics dictate that most manufacturers will already use close to the minimum required material necessary for a given application (but see Thompson et al. Bring-schemes tend to result in low collection rates in the absence of either highly committed public behaviour or deposit-refund schemes that impose a direct economic incentive to participate. BqD?S. As the manufacture of plastics also requires energy, its production is responsible for the consumption of a similar additional quantity of fossil fuels. "njIz>iU64UL/cBaS6JXw"jhFEp{,qB;H.~B ICA?Xi2r(_GpznyEcnJ 3qddmZzf794%3L 1Eco Products Agency, 166 Park Street, Fitzroy North 3068, Australia, 2Nextek Ltd, Level 3, 1 Quality Court, Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1HR, UK. Table1 presents a breakdown of plastics consumption in the UK during the year 2000, and contributions to waste generation (Waste Watch 2003). This is a large topic that cannot be covered in this paper, except to note that it is desirable that compostable and degradable plastics are appropriately labelled and used in ways that complement, rather than compromise waste-management schemes (see Song et al. In this paper, we will review the current systems and technology for plastics recycling, life-cycle evidence for the eco-efficiency of plastics recycling, and briefly consider related economic and public interest issues. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj https://bestonpyrolysisplant.com/, Tyre Recycling Pyrolysis Plant Project Report. plastic lumber as an alternative to higher cost/shorter lifetime timber, this is secondary recycling (ASTM Standard D5033). 4 0 obj issues leaf calendar events previous visit read However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. For example, a small amount of PVC contaminant present in a PET recycle stream will degrade the recycled PET resin owing to evolution of hydrochloric acid gas from the PVC at a higher temperature required to melt and reprocess PET. Tertiary recycling is either described as chemical or feedstock recycling and applies when the polymer is de-polymerized to its chemical constituents (Fisher 2003). endobj Together with feedstock recycling (1.7 per cent) and energy recovery (22.5 per cent), this amounted to a total recovery rate of approximately 39 per cent from the 21.1 million tonnes of plastic waste generated in 2003 (figure3). Worldwide polymer production was estimated to be 260 million metric tonnes per annum in the year 2007 for all polymers including thermoplastics, thermoset plastics, adhesives and coatings, but not synthetic fibres (PlasticsEurope 2008b). b Usage was for the aggregate EU-15 countries across all market sectors in 2002. c Typical values for water and greenhouse gas emissions from recycling activities to produce 1 kg PET from waste plastic (Perugini et al. 15 0 obj Costs of landfill vary considerably among regions according to the underlying geology and land-use patterns and can influence the viability of recycling as an alternative disposal route. For example, rigid containers consisting of a single polymer are simpler and more economic to recycle than multi-layer and multi-component packages. 2000) and so in order to achieve high overall recycling rates, post-consumer as well as post-industrial waste need to be collected and recycled. endobj Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. [Ffq\{MBZrk Wl\a"4obM`-[aIWD`HS4>w)/q-?wYTi~NH+Yu48noZxpH0%TvR'lw-iyUk0mk%jm*oSVTL ks=v%E_O:w . For example, PVC and halogenated additives are typically present in mixed plastic waste leading to the risk of dioxins, other polychlorinated biphenyls and furans being released into the environment (Gilpin et al. There are additional issues associated with variations in the quantity and quality of supply compared with virgin plastics. However, it can also be argued that use of lightweight plastics can reduce usage of fossil fuels, for example in transport applications when plastics replace heavier conventional materials such as steel (Andrady & Neal 2009; Thompson et al. about navigating our updated article layout. However, the mixed plastics recycling scenario still has a positive net benefit, which was considered superior to the other options studied, of both landfills and energy recovery as solid refuse fuel, so long as there is substitution of virgin polymer. Feedstock (chemical) recycling technologies satisfy the general principle of material recovery, but are more costly than mechanical recycling, and less energetically favourable as the polymer has to be depolymerized and then re-polymerized. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 2009a). 191 0 obj <> endobj

Hence, it is often not technically feasible to add recovered plastic to virgin polymer without decreasing at least some quality attributes of the virgin plastic such as colour, clarity or mechanical properties such as impact strength. In terms of energy use, recycling has been shown to save more energy than that produced by energy recovery even when including the energy used to collect, transport and re-process the plastic (Morris 1996). If recycled plastics are used to produce goods that would otherwise have been made from new (virgin) polymer, this will directly reduce oil usage and emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the production of the virgin polymer (less the emissions owing to the recycling activities themselves). The .gov means its official. endstream endobj 192 0 obj <>>> endobj 193 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 107 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 194 0 obj <>stream PMC legacy view % Food-grade rPET is also now widely available in the market for direct food contact because of the development of super-clean grades. The proportion of bottles in litter was reduced as well compared to other states (West 2007). K[`)P)\g< 8ynYG,aD!\(hHoe:+:jrjcl9^}\tXt|riuJXf~G;3gh&iv(+Eh ^U:#F. hUYo8+|l^:(0 ulYVfm2eH"$;f]99!99%\"Op"#2Zp" @Z(Q0G$NP.&q A major challenge for producing recycled resins from plastic wastes is that most different plastic types are not compatible with each other because of inherent immiscibility at the molecular level, and differences in processing requirements at a macro-scale. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>>

Chemical recycling of PET has been more successful, as de-polymerization under milder conditions is possible. 2003). 2007). Extended producer responsibility can also be enacted through deposit-refund schemes, covering for example, beverage containers, batteries and vehicle tyres. Central Environmental Authority , Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018, Economic policy instruments for plastic waste, A preliminary socio-economic, technical and environmental feasibility study for Waste for Life in the Western Province of Sri Lanka, Solid Waste Recycling and Job Market in Zambia, Sustainable Resources Management Journal (SRMJ), Waste to Energy, Wasting Resources and Livelihoods, A Study of Plastic Recycling Supply Chain 2010 A Study of Plastic Recycling Supply Chain, Promoting the 3R in South Asia: Issues and Possible Solutions 2.1 Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle: The 3Rs in South Asia, A SURVEY ON RECYCLING BEHAVIOUR OF HOUSEHOLDS IN CHWELE, BUNGOMA COUNTY PRESENTED BY: WAKWABUBI NALIAKA CLARE, Socio-economic assessment and feasibility study on sustainable e-waste management in Ghana, Plastics and Sustainability: A Valuation of Environmental Benefits, Costs and Opportunities for Continuous Improvement, Domestic Mixed Plastics Packaging Waste Management Options, Management and Recycling Routes in Plastic Waste Management Framework: A World Prospective, Informal and Cooperative Recycling as a Poverty Eradication Strategy, QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN KAMPALA CITY, A review, The Compatibility of Curbside Recycling Programs with a Beverage Container Deposit Law in Texas: A Survey of Texas Curbside Recycling Programs, Defining a model for reverse logistics in industrial sector in Turkey, Future solutions for Nordic plastic recycling, Construction Industry Value Chains Phase 2 Final Report, 1 E-waste recycling in India bridging the formalinformal divide, Life cycle analysis of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3-D printing filament, Evaluations of existing waste recycling methods: A Hong Kong study, "Social metabolism, cost-shifting and conflicts: The struggles and services of informal waste recyclers" (PhD Thesis), ROLE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENABLING CONDITIONS FOR ITS INTEGRATION EXPERIENCES FROM GTZ, E-WASTE IN INDIA RESEARCH UNIT (LARRDIS) RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI, THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING IN THE UNITED STATES: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions, The Socially Optimal Recycling Rate: Evidence from Japan, Economic and policy issues in resource recovery from municipal solid wastes, Policy Brief on Zero Waste_Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Agricultural Plastic Film Recycling: Feasibility and Options in the Central Leatherstocking-Upper Catskill Region of New York State, Waste Management 1. Landfill is the conventional approach to waste management, but space for landfills is becoming scarce in some countries. %%EOF Lack of information about the availability of recycled plastics, its quality and suitability for specific applications, can also act as a disincentive to use recycled material. Recycling of plastics is one method for reducing environmental impact and resource depletion.

Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. 2007).

as labels and closures). In summary, recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of plastic products. The price of oil has increased significantly in the last few years, from a range of around USD 25 per barrel to a price band between USD 50150 since 2005. The amount of material going into the waste-management system can, in the first case, be reduced by actions that decrease the use of materials in products (e.g. It is possible in theory to closed-loop recycle most thermoplastics, however, plastic packaging frequently uses a wide variety of different polymers and other materials such as metals, paper, pigments, inks and adhesives that increases the difficulty. 6 0 obj Terminology for plastics recycling is complex and sometimes confusing because of the wide range of recycling and recovery activities (table2). This indicates a historical growth rate of about 9 per cent p.a. In 2003, however, this still amounted to only 14.8 per cent of the waste plastic generated (from all sources). considerable variability in energy, water and emissions from recycling processes as it is a developing industry and affected by efficiency of collection, process type and product mix, etc. Learn more Sorting of co-mingled rigid recyclables occurs by both automatic and manual methods. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This is because thermoset plastics are permanently cross-linked in manufacture, and therefore cannot be re-melted and re-formed. The potential benefits of mixed plastics recycling in terms of resource efficiency, diversion from landfill and emission savings, are very high when one considers the fact that in the UK it is estimated that there is over one million tonne per annum of non-bottle plastic packaging (WRAP 2008a) in comparison with 525 000 tonnes of plastic bottle waste (WRAP 2007). 1 0 obj Thermoplastic resins constitute around two-thirds of this production and their usage is growing at about 5 per cent p.a. These include four categories: primary (mechanical reprocessing into a product with equivalent properties), secondary (mechanical reprocessing into products requiring lower properties), tertiary (recovery of chemical constituents) and quaternary (recovery of energy). <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> We will focus on production and disposal of packaging as this is the largest single source of waste plastics in Europe and represents an area of considerable recent expansion in recycling initiatives. This confirms that packaging is the main source of waste plastics, but it is clear that other sources such as waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) and end-of-life vehicles (ELV) are becoming significant sources of waste plastics. Here, we will primarily consider recycling of plastics into products that would otherwise have been produced from virgin polymer. Closed-loop recycling is most practical when the polymer constituent can be (i) effectively separated from sources of contamination and (ii) stabilized against degradation during reprocessing and subsequent use. 2009; Gregory 2009; Oehlmann et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal M7nBx%i. Comparing some environmental impacts of commodity polymer production and current ability for recycling from post-consumer sources. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Thermoplastics, including PET, PE and PP all have high potential to be mechanically recycled. Plastic packaging is particularly noticeable as litter because of the lightweight nature of both flexible and rigid plastics. endobj 2009). Broadly speaking, waste plastics are recovered when they are diverted from landfills or littering. The useful energy recovered can vary considerably depending on whether it is used for electricity generation, combined heat and power, or as solid refuse fuel for co-fuelling of blast furnaces or cement kilns. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades. These schemes can be effective in boosting collection rates, for example one state of Australia has a container deposit scheme (that includes PET soft-drink bottles), as well as kerbside collection schemes. For organic materials like plastics, the concept of recovery can also be expanded to include energy recovery, where the calorific value of the material is utilized by controlled combustion as a fuel, although this results in a lesser overall environmental performance than material recovery as it does not reduce the demand for new (virgin) material. endobj %PDF-1.7 % There may be other environmental costs or benefits of any such alternative material usage, but these are a distraction to our discussion of the benefits of recycling and would need to be considered on a case-by-case basis. 214 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2C4E2DB2FC67FD459C0FDC44F89B5835><5C13EFD526C66F4688C0FD737BF97D5E>]/Index[191 55]/Info 190 0 R/Length 110/Prev 737183/Root 192 0 R/Size 246/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream After size reduction, a range of separation techniques can be applied. 2000). The plastics industry has developed considerably since the invention of various routes for the production of polymers from petrochemical sources. Conversely, PET in a PVC recycle stream will form solid lumps of undispersed crystalline PET, which significantly reduces the value of the recycled material. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> As a consequence of all the above trends, the market value of recycled polymer and hence the viability of recycling have increased markedly over the last few years. Designing products to enable reusing, repairing or re-manufacturing will result in fewer products entering the waste stream. The ability to substitute recycled plastic for virgin polymer generally depends on the purity of the recovered plastic feed and the property requirements of the plastic product to be made. Japan and some European countries such as Denmark and Sweden are notable exceptions, with extensive incinerator infrastructure in place for dealing with MSW, including plastics. government site. endobj However, biodegradable plastics also have the potential to complicate waste management when introduced without appropriate technical attributes, handling systems and consumer education.

Fundamentally, high levels of recycling, as with reduction in use, reuse and repair or re-manufacturing can allow for a given level of product service with lower material inputs than would otherwise be required. Forty years ago, re-use of post-consumer packaging in the form of glass bottles and jars was common. endstream endobj 991 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(*T7*yKfGEq)/P -1052/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(\nd`*y^! )/V 4>> endobj 992 0 obj <>/Metadata 128 0 R/Outlines 234 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 985 0 R/StructTreeRoot 265 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 993 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 994 0 obj <>stream 2009; Thompson et al. Life-cycle analysis can be a useful tool for assessing the potential benefits of recycling programmes. Plastics have substantial benefits in terms of their low weight, durability and lower cost relative to many other material types (Andrady & Neal 2009; Thompson et al. This thinking is the basis of the 4Rs strategy in waste management parlancein the order of decreasing environmental desirabilityreduce, reuse, recycle (materials) and recover (energy), with landfill as the least desirable management strategy. Most post-consumer flexible packaging not recovered, not widely recycled yet from post-consumer, but has potential. Terminology used in different types of plastics recycling and recovery. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last decades in a number of countries. It can also be converted back into PET, either after de-polymerization, or by simply re-feeding the PET flake into the polymerization reactor, this can also remove volatile contaminants as the reaction occurs under high temperature and vacuum (Uhde Inventa-Fischer 2007). There is considerable scope for re-use of plastics used for the transport of goods, and for potential re-use or re-manufacture from some plastic components in high-value consumer goods such as vehicles and electronic equipment. The most efficient collection scheme can vary with locality, type of dwellings (houses or large multi-apartment buildings) and the type of sorting facilities available. 2009). europe mineral waters thermal books petar international pdf Other separation techniques such as air elutriation can also be used for removing low-density films from denser ground plastics (Chandra & Roy 2007), e.g. See, Barnes D. K. A., Galgani F., Thompson R. C., Barlaz M.2009, Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments, Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 2005, Department of Environment and Heritage (Australia) 2008, Department of Environment Heritage and Local Government (Ireland) 2007, Drelich J., Payne J., Kim T., Miller J.1998, Selective froth floatation of PVC from PVC/PET mixtures for the plastics recycling industry, Better management of municipal waste will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is increasing public awareness on the need for sustainable production and consumption. Most post-consumer collection schemes are for rigid packaging as flexible packaging tends to be problematic during the collection and sorting stages. endobj Most uses of recycled resin either blend the recycled resin with virgin resinoften done with polyolefin films for non-critical applications such as refuse bags, and non-pressure-rated irrigation or drainage pipes, or for use in multi-layer applications, where the recycled resin is sandwiched between surface layers of virgin resin.

• Epson H428a Projector Manual
• Staples Uni Ball Jetstream Rt
• Electric Four Wheeler For Kids
• Beige King Bed With Storage
• Rutgers Executive Mba Ranking

Sitemap 1