2009;6(6):1-10. Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. In our study, gaseous exchange parameters of wheat including net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance increased in weedy check than all herbicide applications after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal application. Injury and grass control. Adoption of fenoxaprop-P, clodinafop, and sulfosulfuron in isoproturon-resistant areas since 1997 initially led to high yields, but resulted in a weed flora shift which eventually reduced yields and increased the cost of weed management. Herbicide adjuvants. Select the purchase 4th ed. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Woodland: 2001.; Brecke and Stephenson, 2006Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO.

There was significant effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of grains/spike of wheat (Table 1).

Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). Weed science: Principles and practices. Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO. Weed Technol.

; Hess and Foy, 2000Hess FD, Foy CL. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively.

Formulation and adjuvants. Fragmenta Agron. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. (2000Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. However, lower efficacy of these herbicides has been observed in the field, although multiple resistances have yet to be confirmed. Maximum harvest index (51.5%) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Fragmenta Agron. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. J Agric Sci. However, effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants was different for minimum number of weeds at harvest (Table 4). Entre todos os tratamentos, isoproturon a 175 g i.a. 2012;63(12):4359-4373. 2008;48:1146-9. All herbicide treatments produced more biological yield as compared to weedy check. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 with combination of either adjuvant (Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer) at 400 mL ha-1. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. 2003;51:430-4.

ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm.

T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave plant heights of 13.5, 2.5, 22.5 and 11.25 cm in M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica respectively which was minimum among all treatments.

Acta Sci Polon Agric. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. New York: McGraw Hill Book; 1997. Pak J Weed Sci Res. It secures top position in terms of area and production in Pakistan as compared to other cereals (Guarda et al., 2004Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels.

In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Keywords:fresh and dry weight; gas exchange traits; growth and yield; herbicide doses; Triticum aestivum L.; weed control. Results showed that maximum number of weeds (54.4) was measured for M. indica followed by A. arvensis (30.5), P. minor (7.5) and F. indica (12.5) in weedy check treatment while, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Technol. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors.

Weed science: Principles and practices. According to Harbour et al. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2012;11(4):791-9. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. Pestic Sci. Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. Common weeds of wheat and their control. ), efficacy of herbicides such as bromoxynil, glyphosate and 2, 4-D with adjuvants (Allinol 810-60, MON 0818 and Oxysorbic 20) against kochia (Bassia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) provided better control of weeds as compared to herbicide alone. 2003;17(2):338-45.). ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. who revealed that F. indica, M. indica and Rumex dentatus density significantly decreased by different herbicides compared with control. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

Data regarding number of weeds per plot was collected two times, first at 21 days after sowing and second at maturity. ha-1. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 and 105 g a.i. 2010;9:77-84.) ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check. Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application.

ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 and reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. ha-1 and isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

According to Khalil et al., (2010Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM. However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. The isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. As such, it is focused on more applied aspects concerning the management of weeds.

Other parameters including weeds plant height (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) were recorded at maturity by using standared procedure. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. ) Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (, Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J.

Herbicide Bioassays. 2000;23:145-200.) Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2008;27(3-5):719-26.

Results regarding the effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of productive and non-productive tillers of wheat are described in Table 1. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. All herbicide treatments with and without adjuvants impart significant impact on all weeds by reducing their photosynthetic rate as compared to weedy check after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal spray (Figure 2). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 2). Both adjuvants improved efficacy of isoproturon and produced higher number of grains/spike than isoproturon alone (Table 1). ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2006;20(2):377-83.). Pestic Sci. (English), Resumo

Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. 2005;45:17-24. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. However, minimum number of A. arvensis (7.5) weeds was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In case of A. arvensis, F. indica and P. minor, minimal stomatal conductance was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Regarding grain yield, wheat responded differently to isoproturon applied with and without adjuvants (Table 2). Some adjuvants completely alter the chemical composition of herbicide or even cover the plant surface by keeping the herbicide in-contact with plant tissue hence increase herbicide penetration and binding ability to kill the target plant without damaging actual crop (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. Woodland: 2001. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave minimum number of M. indica and F. indica weeds. Data showed that post-emergence spray of isoproturon with and without adjuvants reduced the transpiration rate of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 3, 10 and 17 days of application. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application.

Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum.

An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. excellent weed control and maximum grain yield was recorded from Puma Super 75 EW at 1.25 L ha-1 + buctril super 60 EC at 750 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 2 kg ha-1 having statistically at par grain yield. (2006Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds.

Eur J Agron. Whereas, in case of P. minor minimum number of weeds (1.5) were recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2011;48:185-90. The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and treatments means were compared using Tukeys (HSD) test at 5% probability level using Statistix 8.1 (Steel et al., 1997Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1, devido supresso mxima de plantas daninhas. In many situations, adding an adjuvant can significantly enhance herbicides effect by affecting different biochemical processes of target plants (weeds) that cause reduction in gaseous parameters (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. Green JM.

(2003Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in. Our findings are in accordance with Ashrafi (2009Ashrafi Z. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

Acta Sci Polon Agric.

In comparison among days of herbicide application, lowest photosynthesis rate of all four weeds was observed after 17 days of herbicide application. 2008;14(3-4):111-20.). Our results indicated that addition of Bio-enhancer to isoproturon increased the efficacy of isoproturon at full dose in terms of number of grains per spike when compared with addition of Ad-500 or without adjuvant. Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2009;15:199-208. (English), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100024, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Effect of Isoproturon With and Without Adjuvants on Photosynthetic Attributes of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. 2010;9:77-84. Ann App Bio. 2008;25:61-70. 2003;17(2):338-45. However, isoproturon at reduced dose (105 g a.i. Afr J Biotechnol. 2006;12:53-59. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha. Weed Technol. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i.

2000;14:807-13.). However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Number of grains/spike, spike length, 1000-grains weight and grain yield was enhanced by application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants not only due to more availability of nutrients but also increased transportation of photosynthates, protein synthesis from source to sink. J ASTM Int. This might be due to addition of adjuvants that increased efficacy of herbicides either at full or reduced dose as well as reduced competition of wheat plants with weeds for utilization of available resources at their maximum level. Indian J Agron. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

Significant reduction in above mentioned physiological parameters in all weeds was probably due to herbicide application with adjuvants that enhanced the effectiveness of herbicide and isoproturon which disturbed the activity of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane in plant and effect electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). 4th ed. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 was most effective treatment for control of Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica as it decreased the photosynthetic activity, fresh and dry biomass of these weeds. Genetic studies and resistance characterization from multiple locations indicate independent evolution of resistance due to continuous use of isoproturon and monoculture rice-wheat-cropping system. No entanto, a dose ideal e a combinao adequada de herbicidas com adjuvantes desempenham papel vital no controle de plantas daninhas em um nvel aceitvel e produzem o rendimento mximo da cultura. Pak J Agric Sci.

(2012Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). From findings of this study it could be concluded that weed plant height, number of weeds after 21 days, number of weeds at harvest and weeds biomass in terms of their fresh and dry weight was decreased significantly by all doses of herbicidal spray but application of herbicide with adjuvants reduced all above mentioned traits to greater extent. herbicides No caso do trigo, os maiores perfilhos produtivos, altura da planta, peso de mil gros e rendimento biolgico e de gros foram obtidos com isoproturon a 175 g i.a. Moreover, the herbicide at reduced dose with adjuvants was not much effective in terms of weed control or increased yield.

Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Weed Sci. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400 mL ha-1 after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide treatments. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 recorded the minimum stomatal conductance of wheat (Figure 1). p.99-116. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Crop Prot. Herbicide efficacy is significantly decreased due to direct influence of factors like drift and surface tension, whereas it can be increased with addition of adjuvants (Adamczewski and Matysiak, 2005Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Pak J Agric Sci. Ahmad R, Shaikh AS. Several studies has demonstrated that adjuvants efficacy is dependent on the herbicide being used and the characteristics of target weed (Kieloch and Domaradzki, 2008Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. Results clearly demonstrates that reduced dose of isoproturon (105 g a.i. 2008;25:61-70.; Gugaa et al., 2010Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002.). The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Our results showed that wheat produced maximum number of productive tillers (m-2) and minimum non-productive tillers where maximum weed control was achieved. Interaction of surfactants with plant cuticles. Multiple comparisons. J Exp Bot. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. However, growth and yield related parameters of wheat like number of productive tillers (m-2), number of none-productive tillers (m-2), plant height (cm), number of grains/spike, 1000-grains weight (g), spike length (cm), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) were recorded at maturity following standard procedure. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat.

After 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide applications, transpiration rate of wheat enhanced progressively with passage of time (Figure 1). Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 , T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). Ann App Bio. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Treatments were comprised of weedy check, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Prog Plant Prot. ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. Improved cultivation practices are also helpful; however, no current single system is sustainable. Afr J Biotechnol. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. Text

2006;51(2):139-41.) Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. J Exp Bot. Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. However, minimum fresh weight (37.5 g) was measured from P. minor where isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on stomatal conductance of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) resulted in lowest rate of stomatal conductance when compared with that of weedy check (Figure 4). Efficacy of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on height of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) was found significantly different (Table 5). ; Green, 2001Green JM. 2012;11(4):791-9.). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Department of Agronomy, BZU Bahadur Sub Campus, Layyah, Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res. ). Maximum number of grains/spike (84) of wheat were observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Pak J Water Res. Green JM, Cahill WR. Pak J Water Res. Crop Prot. 2011;48:185-90.). Weed Res.

Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. In conclusion, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2012;11(4):791-9.

Highest transpiration rate was observed in weedy check after that maximum transpiration rate (5.40 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with lowest dose of isoproturon at 105 g a.i. option.

Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. 2003;1:71-73.

Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Minimum photosynthetic rate in M. indica (0.612 mol m-2 s-1), A. arvensis (0.552 mol m-2 s-1), P. minor (0.395 mol m-2 s-1), and F. indica (0.125 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. It can be concluded that isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.

However, after 3 days of herbicidal application, minimum transpiration rate (2.32 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 pode ser uma abordagem rentvel para obter o melhor rendimento de trigo, juntamente com a supresso mxima das plantas daninhas. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

sativum) independently of photosynthesis. In M. indica, after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal treatments, lowest stomatal conductance were observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. ha-1 with each adjuvant at 400 mL ha-1. Whereas, the weedy check produced lowest number of grains/spike compared to other herbicidal treatments. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Pak J Weed Sci Res. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). Isoproturon dose at 175 g a.i. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat.

At harvesting, maximum number of weeds were recorded for all four weeds in weedy check.

ha-1 sprayed alone and with both adjuvants (Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader, Resumo Request Permissions, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. In case of M. indica minimum weeds (4.5) were recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Herbicide treatments were applied at two to four leaf stage of weeds. Data regarding effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on harvest index of wheat is presented in Table 2.

Effect of individual and tank mixed herbicides on yield of wheat crop. 1998;53:123-132. 2015;166(2):171-182. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1.

ha-1, aplicado sozinho ou com adjuvantes Ad-500 ou biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 cada, e a verificao de plantas daninhas como tratamento controle. Effect of individual and tank mixed herbicides on yield of wheat crop. Effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone and with adjuvants on fresh and dry weight of all four weeds Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica resulted in lowest fresh and dry weight as compared to weedy check (Table 3). 2000;14:807-13. This might be due to stomotal closure at early stage of herbicide spray that reduced CO2 uptake under herbicide application. Data regarding net photosynthetic rate of wheat after 3, 10 and 17 days of post-emergence herbicide application of isoproturon alone and with adjuvants is shown in Figure 1. ha-1) with Bio-enhancer 400 mL ha-1 resulted in similar number of P. minor weeds at harvest to that of full dose (175 g a.i. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of, Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of, Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (. 2010;24:147-52. Therefore, identification of appropriate adjuvant for specific weed species is primarily required to maximize herbicide performance.

2008;48:1146-9.). In case of dry weight of weeds, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. An integration of tillage method, planting time, varietal selection, crop rotation, timing and method of herbicide application, optimum dose, and sanitation practices is crucial in managing herbicide-resistant littleseed canarygrass. Bromoxynil + MCPA at 0.49 kg a.i. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). 2010;16:89-96. 2011;51(1):478-88. New York: McGraw Hill Book; 1997. p.178-98. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i.

2015;166(2):171-182.). ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i.

who revealed that sequential application of herbicide mixtures with adjuvants enhanced maize grain and biological yield. Weed Technol. WRIC Weed Science School, September 26-28. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum fresh weight of 37.5 g, 16.5 g and 16.5 g in M. indica, A. arvensis and F. indica, respectively. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Stomatal conductance enhanced significantly after 17 day of herbicidal spray than 3 and 10 days after spray (Figure 1). 2006;12:53-59.) Injury and grass control. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp. J Agric Sci. Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. Among various weed management strategies, chemical weed control is considered the most effective method. ha-1 without adjuvants followed by isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Growth parameters such as plant height and biological yield were increased with herbicide application because of low competition between weeds and wheat plants for nutrients, light, space and water that enhance nutrient use efficiency of wheat plants. In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 might be a profitable approach to achieve optimal yield of wheat by causing the maximum suppression of these tested weeds. (2006Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. 2010;24:147-52.). ha-1 was sprayed alone and in combination with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1.

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